A Review of Vibrio vulnificus: Clinical Presentation and Treatment
Vibrio species are bacteria that live in salt water environments. When ingested orally or though contact with open wounds, some species can cause severe life-threatening infections, particularly in those with high-risk conditions, such as liver disease. Here is a review of Vibrio vulnificus and the recommended antibiotic treatment.
Vibrio species are gram negative bacteria that live naturally in coastal waters, including salt and brackish water, which is a mixture of salt and fresh water, with prevalence increasing likely due to the effects of climate change.1,2 Over 20 Vibrio species have been known to cause disease in humans, called vibriosis, with approximately 80,000 illnesses identified yearly in the United States.2,3 The most common Vibrio species that can induce disease in humans include Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus.1 About 40% of vibriosis in the United States is the result of infections caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, followed by Vibrio alginolyticus accounting for 20% of cases.4 Vibrio bacteria can cause gastrointestinal, bloodstream, or wound infections after consuming raw, contaminated seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated water.1 Most individuals with gastrointestinal Vibrio infections exhibit symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever and chills.4 Vibrio infection should be considered in individuals with watery diarrhea who have recently ingested or handled raw or undercooked seafood, particularly oysters.3 Additionally, Vibrio can cause wound infections in those with open wounds who were exposed to coastal waters or as a result of shellfish injuries.3