Clarence D. Moore, PharmD, BCPS

Nearly 33% of adults in the United States have the typically symptomless disease known as hypertension.

 When healthcare providers treat these individuals, caution should be exercised, as several medications are contraindicated. For example, because decongestants—which are frequently used to manage nasal congestion&mdash;can increase blood pressure (BP), their use is a concern in patients with hypertension.

Nasal congestion is a typical symptom of the common cold, occurring when nasal and adjacent tissues and blood vessels become swollen with excess fluid.

 This symptom has been described as the most bothersome by adults with allergies.

 Individuals with nasal conges&shy;tion are encouraged to drink plenty of fluids to thin mu&shy;cus and promote nasal drainage, in addition to getting plenty of rest and limiting activities.

 OTC medications are often used to manage symptoms; however, they do not shorten the duration of illness and only offer tem&shy;porary relief.

Individuals with hypertension should be made aware that decongestants can elevate their BP. Various medical guidelines characterize hypertension in adults as a sys&shy;tolic BP of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg or higher.

 Hypertension is treated by using var&shy;ious methods to decrease BP to a predetermined target. The American Heart Association warns all individuals with hypertension, including those being treated for it, to read the labels on all OTC medications prior to use.

Nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictors that belong to the pharmacologic class “sympathomimetic amines.” They exert their primary action by activating alpha-ad&shy;renergic receptors on blood vessels of the nasal mucosa. This results in vasoconstriction, which decreases blood flow through the nasal mucosa and shrinks tissue.

 De&shy;congestants are available in multiple formulations with varying degrees of systemic effects, including potential elevation of BP.

The decongestants pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine may offer mild relief from nasal congestion associated with the common cold.

These medications are admin&shy;istered alone or in combination with antihistamines, which minimize other symptoms associated with the common cold.

Pseudoephedrine is a common ingredient in more than 135 medications and has proved effective in treat&shy;ing nasal congestion. Although a 2005 meta-analysis that showed the drug significantly increased systolic BP (0.99 mm Hg) and heart rate (2.83 beats/min), the results re&shy;vealed no effect on diastolic BP. Higher BP increases were associated with higher doses and immediate-release formulations of pseudoephedrine.

 Studies comparing phenylephrine with placebo showed no significant im&shy;provement in measures of nasal congestion. There is a lack of data on phenylephrine’s effect on BP.

Phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine have been de&shy;scribed as safe and effective for treating nasal conges&shy;tion.

 However, as a result of the Combat Methamphet&shy;amine Epidemic Act of 2005, pseudoephedrine products are kept behind the pharmacy counter and have certain restrictions regarding their purchase.

Naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and phenylephrine are commonly used topical decongestants. Although these agents are expected to promote local activity, the FDA requires their instructions to contain a warning for in&shy;dividuals with high BP; however, the data on the con&shy;nection between their use and hypertension are sparse. Unlike other topical decongestants, propylhexedrine is a topical OTC decongestant that is not required to carry a warning against unsupervised use in patients with hy&shy;pertension.

 The use of topical nasal decongestants for more than 5 days is associated with the development of rhinitis medicamentosa, also known as “rebound rhini&shy;tis,” which can lead to user dependency.

A 2003 Cochrane review concluded that monotherapy with antihistamines does not alleviate nasal congestion to a clinically significant degree. In that review, first-gener&shy;ation antihistamines were found to have greater adverse effects than placebo, but neither first- nor second-gener&shy;ation antihistamines increased BP. Antihistamines can be used in combination with decongestants; however, they should not be used in small children.

Saline has been used to relieve congestion and is thought to thin mucus in the sinus cavities. Increasing humidity in the environment of patients with nasal con&shy;gestion may also provide relief; therefore, the use of hu&shy;midifiers is recommended. A third solution, nasal strips may help open the nostrils and improve breathing in pa&shy;tients with congestion.

With their training in OTC medications, pharmacists can play a major role in managing decongestion in their pa&shy;tients. Because no product can be recommended to pro&shy;vide safe and effective relief of congestion in all patients with hypertension, pharmacists’ medication knowledge, coupled with their keen ability to obtain valuable infor&shy;mation from patients, can ensure optimal drug selection for individuals with hypertension.

*This article was previously published in the 

 November 2016 issue and reprinted with permission.

Clarence D. Moore, PharmD, BCPS, is an assistant professor at Howard University College of Pharmacy and has a clinical practice site in the Division of Hematology and Oncology at Howard University Hospital in Washington, DC.

Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee; Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. 

. 2016;133(4):e38-e360. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000350.

Naclerio RM, Bachert C, Baraniuk JN. Pathophysiology of nasal congestion. 

Kiefer D, Cherney K. Decongestants to treat allergy symptoms. Healthline website. healthline.com/health/allergies/decongestants#3. Published March 11, 2016. Accessed September 12, 2016.

Sakethoo K, Januszkiewicz A, Sackner MA. Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance. 

Carretero OA, Oparil A. Essential hypertention, part I: definition and etiology. 

American Heart Association (AHA). Over-the-counter medications. AHA website. heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Over-the-Counter-Medications_UCM_303245_Article.jsp#.V-v0GtArLwe. Accessed September 13, 2016.

Johnson DA, Hricik JG. The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. 

. 1993;13(6 pt 2):110S-115S; discussion 143S-146S.

Taverner D, Latte J. Nasal decongestants for the common cold. 

Horak F, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, et al. A placebo-controlled study of the nasal decongestant effect of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine in the Vienna Challenge Chamber. 

. 2009;102(2):116-120. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60240-2.

Herring CT, Maryansky K, Trivette K, Hemberg N. Decongestant use in hypertension. 

WS Pray, JJ Pray. Safe use of nasal decongestants. 

Articles

Pharmacists can play an important role in managing the use of these medications in patients, particularly those with high blood pressure.

Clarence D. Moore, PharmD, BCPS

Articles

Latest News