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Current prevention strategies include two injectables for infants and young children, namely palivizumab and nirsevimab.

RSV Prophylaxis: Palivizumab, Nirsevimab, and More

Along with a 1 reported case in Massachusetts, the

New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has confirmed a person infected with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) has died. The public health agency said the person was hospitalized due to severe central nervous system disease. The last reported human EEEV infection in New Hampshire was in 2014, when DHHS identified 3 human infections, including 2 fatalities. In the same statement, DHHS mentions there has been 1 confirmed case in Vermont this summer.

On August 16, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) released a statement discussing the confirmation of the first human case of EEE in the state this year. The confirmed case was discovered in an 80 year old man who was exposed to the vector borne disease in Worcester County. As a result, the risk level in the local communities of Douglas, Oxford, Sutton, and Webster has been raised to critical, and in Dudley, Northbridge, and Uxbridge the risk is increased to high.

Additionally, the neighboring communities of Auburn, Charlton, Grafton, Leicester, Mendon, Millbury, Millville, Southbridge, and Upton are now considered at moderate risk according to MDPH.

“This is the first time we have seen a person infected with EEE in Massachusetts since 2020,” Public Health Commissioner Robbie Goldstein, MD, PhD, said in a statement. “EEE is a rare but serious disease and a public health concern. We want to remind residents of the need to protect themselves from mosquito bites, especially in areas of the state where we are seeing EEE activity.

Though very rare, EEE is serious and a potentially fatal disease that can affect people of all ages. EEE is generally spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. There were 12 human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2019 with 6 deaths, and 5 human cases with 1 death in 2020. There were no human cases of EEE in Massachusetts in 2021, 2022, or 2023.

EEE has a fatality rate of 33% to 70%, with most deaths occurring 2–10 days after the onset of symptoms.

In addition to a high mortality rate, long-term physical and mental complications, including permanent neurological deficits have been identified in many people who survive EEE.

Plymouth is approximately 40 miles south of Boston along the coast, and Worcester County is in the middle of the state, so the 2 areas are not in close proximity, but due to the elevated risk locally, the town of Plymouth decided to take action in response to outdoor parks. As of last Friday, all town public parks and fields are close daily from dusk until dawn.

“As Mass DPH has now elevated Plymouth’s EEE risk status to high, it is important to take extra precautions when outdoors and follow state and local health guidelines to avoid unnecessary risk to exposure to EEE. The health and safety of our community, residents, and visitors remain our priority,” Plymouth’s Commissioner of Health and Human Services, Michelle Bratti, said in a statement.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) most people who are infected with the virus do not develop symptoms; however, for those that do, the date from the bite to the onset of the illness is 4 to 10 days. EEE can also result in fever or neurologic disease. The type of illness will depend on the age of the person and other factors. Those who are infected can develop meningitis.

There are no FDA-approved treatments for EEE and for patients who develop severe cases, they can be hospitalized to receive supportive treatment.

Over the weekend, MDPH detailed plans of spraying for mosquitos including aerially in areas of Plymouth County, and truck-mounted spraying in parts of Worcester County. As of Saturday, 10 communities in Massachusetts were raised to high or critical risk for EEE virus.

“The risk from EEE is high in parts of Plymouth County and critical in parts of Worcester County,” State Epidemiologist Catherine M. Brown, DVM, said in a statement. “In addition to recommending that people use mosquito repellent with an EPA-registered active ingredient and clothing to reduce exposed skin, we also recommend that evening outdoor events be rescheduled to avoid the hours between dusk and dawn. The mosquitoes most likely to spread EEE are most active during the dusk to dawn hours.”

There are preventative strategies to avoid EEE, and the MDPH has listed such measures 

For those who live in Massachusetts and want more information on EEE, it can be found 

 or by calling the DPH Division of Epidemiology at 617-983-6800.

1.NH DHHS Identifies Person Infected with Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in New Hampshire.The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. August 27, 2024. Accessed August 28, 2024.
https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/news-and-media/nh-dhhs-identifies-person-infected-eastern-equine-encephalitis-virus-new-hampshire
2. State health officials announce season’s first human case of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Massachusetts. MDPH. August 16, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024.
https://www.mass.gov/news/state-health-officials-announce-seasons-first-human-case-of-eastern-equine-encephalitis-in-massachusetts
3.Plymouth to Close all Public Parks and Fields from Dusk to Dawn. Town of Plymouth. August 23, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024. PDF.
4. Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. CDC. May 15, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/eastern-equine-encephalitis/symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/index.html
5. State officials announce plans to spray for mosquitoes in sections of Worcester and Plymouth counties due to EEE. MDPH. August 24, 2024. Accessed August 27, 2024. 
https://www.mass.gov/news/state-officials-announce-plans-to-spray-for-mosquitoes-in-sections-of-worcester-and-plymouth-counties-due-to-eee



The town of Plymouth decided to prohibit people from using the parks from dusk to dawn due to concerns over eastern equine encephalitis after a man contracted the rare disease in the state.

Concerns Over Mosquito-Borne Illness Causes Massachusetts Town to Create Curfew for Parks, Spraying in Counties

Atea’s investigational combination treatment of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir showed these results after an 8-week treatment regimen.

HCV Therapy Demonstrates 98% Sustained Virologic Response at 12 Weeks Post-Treatment

At the ongoing European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Congress 2025, Atea Pharmaceuticals announced the full results from its phase 2 clinical trial, which showed a 98% sustained virologic response rate at 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) in 210 of 215 participants with the regimen in the “Per-Protocol Treatment-Adherent Population,” using an 8-week treatment duration. Additionally, the SVR12 rate was 95% in 245 of 259 trial participants in the “Per-Protocol Regardless of Adherence Population” which included patients who were not treatment adherent (17%).

“If you look at the more expanded population—that wasn't the primary endpoint—there was a 259 patients, which includes patients that were less compliant to therapy, and still, despite suboptimal compliance, had a 95% cure rate,” said Eric Lawitz, MD, clinical professor of medicine at The Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health, San Antonio.

In addition, he explains a majority of hepatitis C patients are different from previous years, and that the Atea trial showed promising results for this population.

“Of the 181 non cirrhotics, 180 were cured…this is really important in 2025 because the burden of hepatitis C is really emerging in the young people who are non cirrhotic and just need an effective treatment,” Lawitz said.

The phase 2 study was conducted in treatment-naïve, chronic HCV-infected patients across genotypes either without cirrhosis (n=238) or with compensated cirrhosis (n=37). Results demonstrated 99% of treatment-adherent patients who were non-cirrhotic and infected with genotypes 1-4 achieved SVR12, demonstrating robust pan-genotypic potency and supporting an 8-week treatment duration in non-cirrhotic patients in the phase 3 program. A 100% SVR12 rate was observed in non-cirrhotic, treatment-adherent patients infected with genotype 3, a historically difficult genotype to treat and cure.

Last month, the company announced it had begun its phase 3 trial program, and this will incorporate its C-BEYOND trial, which will be conducted in the US and Canada, and its C-FORWARD trial, an international study. Each trial will enroll approximately 880 treatment-naïve patients, including those with and without compensated cirrhosis.

The regimen of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir will be administered orally once-daily for 8 weeks (in patients without cirrhosis) or 12 weeks (in patients with compensated cirrhosis) while the regimen of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir will be administered orally once-daily for 12 weeks for all patients with or without compensated cirrhosis.

The primary endpoint for each trial is HCV RNA < lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) at 24 weeks from the start of treatment and encompasses sustained virologic response 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) in each arm. Measurement at 24 weeks from the start of treatment is to ensure the primary endpoint occurs at the same relative timepoint from the start of treatment in all patients. While C-BEYOND and C-FORWARD are both open-label trials, Atea has put measures and processes in place that are designed to blind Atea personnel to patient treatment assignments.

“As you look at hepatitis C antiviral drug development over the years, phase 3 tends to reproduce phase 2 data. Ultimately, you get bigger numbers and statistical significance,” Lawitz said. “Of course, in this phase 2 trial, this was an open label and not a placebo or active, controlled study. In the phase 3 trial, we would expect an active control study, and so my expectations would be that we would see very similar results with bigger numbers.”

 studies to be approximately 10-fold more active than sofosbuvir (SOF), against a panel of laboratory strains and clinical isolates of HCV GT 1–5. 

 studies have also demonstrated bemnifosbuvir remained fully active against SOF resistance-associated substitutions (S282T), with up to 58-fold more potency than SOF.

The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of bemnifosbuvir supports once-daily dosing for the treatment of HCV. Bemnifosbuvir has been shown to have a low risk for drug-drug interactions. Bemnifosbuvir has been administered to over 2,200 subjects and has been well-tolerated at doses up to 550 mg for durations up to 12 weeks in healthy subjects and patients.

The other half of the combination, ruzasvir, has demonstrated highly potent and pan-genotypic antiviral activity in preclinical (picomolar range) and clinical studies. Ruzasvir has been administered to over 1,500 HCV-infected patients at daily doses of up to 180 mg for 12 weeks and has demonstrated a favorable safety profile. The PK profile of ruzasvir supports once-daily dosing.

1. Atea Pharmaceuticals Announces Full Results from Phase 2 Study of Regimen of Bemnifosbuvir and Ruzasvir for Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Presented at EASL Congress 2025. May 7, 2025. Accessed May 8, 2025.
https://ir.ateapharma.com/news-releases/news-release-details/atea-pharmaceuticals-announces-full-results-phase-2-study
2. Atea Pharmaceuticals Announces Dosing of First Patient in C-BEYOND, Phase 3 Study Evaluating Regimen of Bemnifosbuvir and Ruzasvir for Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus. Atea Pharmaceuticals press release. April 9, 2025. Accessed May 8, 2025.
https://ir.ateapharma.com/news-releases/news-release-details/atea-pharmaceuticals-announces-dosing-first-patient-c-beyond




Atea Pharmaceuticals' investigational combination treatment of bemnifosbuvir and ruzasvir showed these results after an 8-week treatment regimen.

HCV Therapy Demonstrates 98% Sustained Virologic Response at 12 Weeks Post Treatment

A recent study of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus isolated from a dairy farm worker in Michigan has revealed concerning findings about its transmission capabilities. The virus, A/Michigan/90/2024 (MI90), was shown to transmit via airborne particles in a controlled ferret model and cause moderate disease, suggesting a possible shift in the virus’s capacity to infect humans and spread in mammalian populations. These results, published in 

, underscore the growing concerns about the virus’s potential to cause a future pandemic.

The Michigan dairy farm worker, who was diagnosed with conjunctivitis following exposure to infected animals, is part of a larger multistate outbreak of H5N1 that has been impacting US dairy cattle since 2024.1 As of May 6, 2025, the CDC has reported 70 confirmed and probable human cases of H5N1 in the U.S. since 2024, with 41 of those linked to dairy cattle and 24 to poultry operations. Also, there was a first US death associated with H5N1 occurred in Louisiana. Despite these human infections, no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission exists.

In a controlled study, ferrets were inoculated with the MI90 virus to evaluate its ability to transmit through direct contact and respiratory droplets. All 18 infected ferrets survived the 21-day trial, although moderate illness was observed. Symptoms included a mean weight loss of 9.8 percent, transient fever (1.8°C above baseline), lethargy, and respiratory and ocular symptoms between days 4 and 9 post-infection. The highest virus titers were detected in the ethmoid turbinates (7.4 log10 PFU/mL), with limited brain and gastrointestinal tract detection.

Transmission was confirmed in both contact models:

: All 6 naive ferrets shed the virus and seroconverted, demonstrating a 100 percent transmission rate.

: 3 out of 6 naive ferrets shed the virus (peak 2.6 to 4.8 log10 PFU/mL) between days 9 and 11 post-contact, confirming a 50 percent airborne transmission rate.

Airborne virus sampling indicated that ferrets infected with MI90 released infectious particles, peaking at day 3 with up to 133 PFU/hour detected by cyclone-based aerosol samplers. These findings suggest that the virus is capable of transmitting via respiratory droplets, further raising concerns about its potential for wider spread.

When compared to a genetically distinct H5N1 virus isolated from a dairy worker in Texas, the MI90 strain demonstrated reduced virulence. The Texas virus contains the E627K mutation in the PB2 protein, which is associated with enhanced mammalian adaptation. MI90 encodes 627E and carries the M631L mutation, also linked to adaptation in mammals. Despite these genetic differences, both strains transmitted efficiently in ferrets and produced detectable airborne virus.

The CDC continues to closely monitor the outbreak through its national influenza surveillance systems, which have tested over 186,000 specimens without detecting unusual flu activity. More than 16,600 individuals exposed to infected animals have been monitored, and targeted surveillance has identified 64 positive cases.

The CDC’s latest update highlights ongoing widespread animal infections. Over 1,000 dairy herds in 17 states, nearly 13,000 wild birds, and over 169 million poultry have been affected by H5N1. Health officials urge continued vigilance, especially in agricultural settings, as these viruses continue to evolve and adapt.

In a separate assessment using the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT), the CDC evaluated two avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, A/California/147/2024 and A/Washington/239/2024. The assessment found that both viruses posed a moderate public health risk due to their genetic characteristics, zoonotic potential, and limited but concerning spillover into humans. The IRAT results align with the recent Texas case report, reinforcing the need for continued surveillance, particularly in environments where animal-to-human transmission remains a concern.

The findings from this study and the ongoing outbreak emphasize the importance of continued monitoring and risk assessment as H5N1 viruses evolve. While the current risk to humans remains low, these developments highlight the need for heightened awareness and preparedness in both agricultural and healthcare settings.

1. Brock N, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Belser JA, Pappas C, Sun X, Kieran TJ, et al. Avian influenza A(H5N1) isolated from dairy farm worker, Michigan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2025 June [date cited]. 

2. CDC. H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. May 6, 2025. Accessed May 7, 2025. 

https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html#:~:text=What%20to%20know,70%20cases

3. CDC. Results of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool. May 2, 2025. Accessed May 7, 2025. 

https://www.cdc.gov/pandemic-flu/php/monitoring/irat-virus-summaries.html

Michigan dairy worker's infection is linked to widespread H5N1 outbreaks, as new findings suggest increased transmission risk and moderate disease in mammals.

Study Highlights Airborne Transmission of H5N1 in Ferrets, Raising Pandemic Concerns

Recent studies have advanced our understanding of 

 by identifying blood biomarkers linked to key symptoms, mapping immune networks associated with lung damage, and testing the first empirically supported therapy for cognitive sequelae. Together, these investigations offer a multi‑pronged view of how Long COVID manifests and point to new directions for diagnosis and treatment.

New Biomarker Signature Identified for Long COVID Symptoms

 used ultrasensitive immune and proteomic profiling to compare blood samples from healthy convalescents and individuals with Long COVID. While overall immune cell composition and antiviral T cell responses were similar, healthy convalescents had higher neutralizing antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2. Individuals with Long COVID, especially those with breathlessness, exhibited elevated plasma markers of inflammation and apoptosis, including CCL3, CD40, IL-18, IKBKG and IRAK1, as well as signals of disrupted cell cycle control, lung injury and platelet activation. These findings provide a signature that may underlie specific Long COVID symptoms and lay the groundwork for biomarker-driven diagnostics and targeted therapies.

Distinct Immune Pathways Linked to Long COVID Lung Damage


Researchers from UVA Health and collaborators analyzed hundreds of immune features in patients with restrictive lung disease after COVID-19. They identified two phenotypes: one with mild fibrosis and impaired diffusion marked by increased CCR5⁺CD95⁺CD8⁺ T cell activity, and another with severe fibrosis characterized by attenuated T cell responses and elevated CXCL13.

“Our findings reveal crucial differences in the blood that reflect the extent of lung damage,” said Judith A Woodfolk,MD, PhD.

 The team also detected distinct inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies in severe cases, clarifying immunological differences between active lung injury and advanced fibrotic disease. These insights could guide the development of lung-targeted interventions for patients with Long COVID.

Constraint-Induced Cognitive Therapy Shows Promise for Long COVID Brain Fog


A feasibility trial at the University of Alabama at Birmingham tested Constraint‑Induced Cognitive Therapy (CICT), which pairs behavior‑based coaching with BrainHQ computerized processing exercises, in 16 adults more than three months after COVID‑19. The intervention met all feasibility criteria over 80 percent adherence, high participant satisfaction, and no serious adverse events. It produced large gains in daily living performance (mean improvement 3.7 points on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, p < .001, d = 2.6) and reductions in brain fog (mean reduction -4 points on the Mental Clutter Scale, p < .001, d = -2.9). Four of five nonretired participants returned to work after CICT, compared with none in the control group (p = .048).

These results support a larger randomized controlled trial with an active comparison group to confirm CICT’s efficacy and explore its potential as the first empirically supported treatment for Long COVID cognitive sequelae. “This suggests that brain training is a promising approach to helping people with Long COVID,” said Henry Mahncke, PhD, CEO of Posit Science.

1. Gao, Y., Cai, C., Adamo, S. et al. Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID. Nat Immunol 26, 692–705 (2025). 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02135-5

2. Canderan, G., Muehling, L.M., Kadl, A. et al. Distinct type 1 immune networks underlie the severity of restrictive lung disease after COVID-19. Nat Immunol 26, 595–606 (2025). 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02110-0

3. University of Virginia Health System. Discovery explains Long COVID breathing problems. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082624

4. Long COVID brain fog treatment: An early-phase randomized controlled trial of constraint-induced cognitive therapy signals go. Rehabil Psychol. 2025. doi:10.1037/rep0000626

5. Ericho Communications. Study shows large improvements in Long COVID symptoms and return to work. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082652

Three different studies reveal blood signatures linked to symptoms, immune pathways tied to lung damage, and the efficacy of cognitive training for brain fog.

 New Long COVID-19 Research Identifies Biomarkers, Immune Networks, and Cognitive Therapy

w) study is a 5-year international, retrospective, observational medical chart review study, conducted between November 2020 and July 2024 designed to describe the efficacy and safety of real-world cefiderocol use in adult patients with serious gram-negative (GN) bacterial infections. This aforementioned data comes from the European cohort.

The results from the trial are still being analyzed and reported. For example, new data was presented at the ESCMID Global 2025 that showed cefiderocol (Fetroja) had a higher clinical cure rate trend among patients who received cefiderocol for a documented infection (67.4%) or as empiric therapy (64.6%) as compared to those who received it as salvage therapy (58.2%).

spoke to Sean Nguyen, PharmD, BCIDP, medical director, Shionogi who provided more data and insights on the European cohort of patients from the PROVE study.

 What does the PROVE study suggest about the effectiveness of early versus late use of cefiderocol in treating Gram-negative bacterial infections?

 This study provides new data from a European cohort of patients from the PROVE study, the largest global real-world evidence study of cefiderocol.

 This study described the clinical cure rates* among patients who received cefiderocol as salvage, or rescue, therapy (after a prior antibiotic regimen had failed) and in patients who received cefiderocol earlier in their treatment – either for a confirmed infection (pathogen is known) or as empiric therapy (initial antibiotic regimen selected in the absence of pathogen identification).

Over half of the patients had a respiratory tract infection or were admitted to the intensive care unit at the initiation of cefiderocol treatment.

 The results indicate a trend toward lower clinical cure rates in patients who received cefiderocol as a salvage therapy (58.2%), compared to those who were treated with cefiderocol as empiric (64.6%) or for a documented infection (67.4%).

 These findings provide important data to support the earlier use of cefiderocol for certain patients with difficult-to-treat Gram-negative bacterial infections rather than delaying its use when other agents have either failed or were non-susceptible to the infecting pathogen.

*Clinical cure was defined as resolution or improvement in infection signs and symptoms, without evidence of a later relapse or death

 How do clinical cure rates differ among patients with various infection types, such as respiratory tract infections and bloodstream infections, when treated with cefiderocol?

The overall clinical cure rate in this European cohort was 65.3%.

 Clinical cure rates varied by infection site: respiratory tract infection (59.2%), bloodstream infection (60.7%), urinary tract infection (90.4%), intra-abdominal infection (64.7%) and skin structure infection (63.9%).

In the US, cefiderocol is FDA approved in patients 18 years of age or older for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs), including pyelonephritis caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: 

 complex. It is also approved in patients 18 years of age or older for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), caused by the following susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms: 

In Europe, cefiderocol is approved for the treatment of infections due to aerobic Gram-negative organisms in adults with limited treatment options.

Cefiderocol Demonstrates Better Outcomes as Empiric or Documented Therapy as Compared to Salvage Therapy

 Given the high rate of carbapenem resistance and ICU admissions in the study population, what does this imply about the patient profile best suited for cefiderocol treatment?

The data contribute additional evidence supporting cefiderocol treatment for appropriate patients who are seriously ill with Gram-negative bacterial infections, including carbapenem-resistant infections.

The data at ESCMID extend our knowledge of cefiderocol in real-world settings from the data we previously presented at IDWeek last year.

 The data from IDWeek included patients from the US and EU, the majority of whom were in the intensive care unit and had a median age of 60. The data from IDWeek demonstrated that 67.5% had achieved a clinical cure with a 23.3% rate of 30 day all-cause mortality.

 Additional data presented at ESCMID contributes further evidence supporting cefiderocol treatment for certain patients who are seriously ill with carbapenem resistant Gram-negative infections but also demonstrates numerically higher clinical cure rates when cefiderocol is used earlier in these patients.

 infections have shown a higher clinical cure rate compared to other pathogens in the PROVE study findings?

This subset analysis of the PROVE study consisted of 5 European countries including the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany and Italy where the typical patient profile receiving cefiderocol varied between the different countries.

 accounted for more than half of the 448 monomicrobial infections, though the prevalence differed across countries.

 Although cefiderocol demonstrated favorable efficacy against 

, with a clinical cure rate of 73.1% and a 30-day all-cause mortality rate of 19.7%, correlation analyses have not been conducted as further analysis of the PROVE study is still underway.

 Based on the observed trends and outcomes, how should clinicians approach the decision to use cefiderocol as a first-line versus salvage therapy?

With the full dataset presented at IDWeek along with the European cohort from ESCMID, these data provide clinicians with additional evidence that supports the safety and efficacy of cefiderocol in seriously ill patients across a variety of infection sites and different Gram-negative pathogens including in both monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections.

A majority of these patients had multiple risk factors for carbapenem resistance and the additional data presented at ESCMID demonstrate numerically higher clinical cure rates among patients treated with cefiderocol earlier as opposed to when it was used as a last-line treatment.

 The results provide clinicians with new evidence that supports the consideration of using cefiderocol in earlier lines of treatment in seriously ill patients who present with or have suspected risk factors for carbapenem-resistant infections rather than reserving it when other antibiotics are no longer an option.

1. ESCMID Global 2025: Shionogi presents real-world data demonstrating better clinical outcomes when Fetcroja /Fetroja (cefiderocol) is used as empiric or documented therapy as compared to salvage therapy for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. April 9, 2025. Accessed May 5, 2025.
2.Asensio Martin JM et al. Cefiderocol treatment in patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections: European results of the global retrospective observational PROVE study. Poster 2542. ESCMID 2025. Accessed May 5, 2025.
3.Clancy C, et al. Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Cefiderocol in the Treatment of Patients with Serious Gram-negative Bacterial Infections: Results of the PROVE Chart Review Study. Poster presented at IDWeek 2024. Accessed May 5, 2025.

Sean Nguyen PharmD, BCIDP, medical director Shionogi, delves into the European cohort portion of the study and offers further information from the trial and some of its bigger clinical ramifications.

Joseph M. Collaco, MD, PhD

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